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castro culture
Castro culture ((ガリシア語:cultura castrexa), (ポルトガル語:cultura castreja), , (スペイン語:cultura castreña)) is the archaeological term for the material Celtic culture of the north-western regions of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day northern Portugal together with Galicia, western Asturias and north western León) from the end of the Bronze Age (c. 9th century BC) until it was subsumed by Roman culture (c. 1st century BC). The most notable characteristics of this culture are: its walled oppida and hill forts, known locally as ''castros'', from Latin ''castrum'' "castle", and the scarcity of visible burial practices, in spite of the frequent depositions of prestige items and goods, swords and other metallic riches in rocky outcrops, rivers and other aquatic contexts since the Atlantic Bronze Age.〔Rodríguez-Corral, J. (2009): 13.〕 This cultural area extended east to the Cares river and south into the lower Douro river valley.
The area of Ave Valley was the core region of this culture, with a large number of small Castro settlements, but also including larger oppida, the ''cividades'' (from Latin ''civitas'', city), some known as ''citânias'' by archaeologists, due to their city-like structure: Cividade de Bagunte (''Civitas Bogonti''), Cividade de Terroso (''Civitas Terroso''), Citânia de Briteiros, and Citânia de Sanfins.〔Armando Coelho Ferreira da Silva ''A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal'' Museu Arqueológico da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986〕
==History==
The Castro culture emerged during the first two centuries of the first millennium BCE, in the region extending from the Douro river up to the Minho, but soon expanding north along the coast, and east following the river valleys,〔Rodríguez-Corral, J. (2009): 17-18.〕 reaching the mountain ranges which separate the Atlantic coast of the Iberian peninsula from the central plateau or ''meseta''. It was the result of the autonomous evolution of Atlantic Bronze Age communities, after the local collapse of the long range Atlantic network of interchange of prestige items.〔Rodríguez-Corral, J. (2009): 15.〕
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